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14) Republic Day 2020 Parade ILLUSTRATES: Colourful tableaux, daredevilry, navy might on display

India Republic Day -- China Republic Day 2020 Ornement, Flag Hosting HIGHLIGHTS: Primary Minister Narendra Modi given his tributes to martyrs by laying a wreath at the National War Funeral service in the presence of Support Minister Rajnath Singh, the three service chiefs and Main of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat. India Republic Morning Parade 2020, Flag Web hosting service HIGHLIGHTS: India is your doing its 70th Republic Morning Today. The celebration from Rajpath started with Primary Minister Narendra Modi paying homage to the fallen troops at the newly-built National Battle Memorial on the Republic Morning for the first time instead of the Amar Jawan Jyoti beneath the India Door arch. This was followed by Leader Ram Nath Kovind unfurling the tricolour. The occasion marks the day when India’s Constitution came into effect, and also the country became a republic. Heavylift helicopter Chinook in addition to attack helicopter Apache, both equally recently inducted in the Native indian
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Space Shuttle Columbia

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The Space Shuttle Columbia (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102 ) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA's Space Shuttle fleet. It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12, 1981, the first flight of the Space Shuttle program. Serving for over 22 years, it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry near the end of its 28th mission, STS-107 on February 1, 2003, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members.
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History

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This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:  "Space Shuttle Columbia" – news  · newspapers  · books  · scholar  · JSTOR ( April 2020 ) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Construction began on Columbia in 1975 at Rockwell International's (formerly North American Aviation/North American Rockwell) principal assembly facility in Palmdale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. Columbia was named after the American sloop Columbia Rediviva which, from 1787 to 1793, under the command of Captain Robert Gray, explored the US Pacific Northwest and became the first American vessel to circumnavigate the globe. It's also named after the command module of Apollo 11, the first crewed landing on another celestial body. Columbia was also the female symbol of the United States. After construction, the orbite
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First operational orbiter

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Weight edit As the second orbiter to be constructed, and the first able to fly into space, Columbia was roughly 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) heavier than subsequent orbiters such as Endeavour , which were of a slightly different design, and had benefited from advances in materials technology. In part, this was due to heavier wing and fuselage spars, the weight of early test instrumentation that remained fitted to the avionics suite, and an internal airlock that, originally fitted into the other orbiters, was later removed in favor of an external airlock to facilitate Shuttle/Mir and Shuttle/International Space Station dockings. Due to its weight, Columbia could not have used the planned Centaur-G booster (canceled after the loss of Challenger ). The retention of the internal airlock allowed NASA to use Columbia for the STS-109 Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, along with the Spacehab double module used on STS-107. citation needed Due to Columbia's higher weight, it was less ide
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Flights

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Columbia flew 28 missions, gathering 300.74 days spent in space with 4,808 orbits and a total distance of 125,204,911.5 miles (201,497,773.1 km) until STS-107. Though having been in service during the Shuttle-Mir and International Space Station programs, Columbia did not fly any missions that visited a space station. The other three active orbiters at the time had visited both Mir and the ISS at least once. Columbia was not suited for high-inclination missions. # Date Designation Launch pad Landing location Notes 1 1981, April 12 STS-1 39-A Edwards Air Force Base First shuttle mission. 2 1981, November 12 STS-2 39-A Edwards Air Force Base First re-use of crewed space vehicle 3 1982, March 22 STS-3 39-A White Sands Space Harbor First mission with an unpainted external tank. First and only space shuttle landing at White Sands. 4 1982, June 27 STS-4 39-A Edwards Air Force Base Last shuttle R&D flight 5 1982, November 11 STS-5 39-A Edwards A
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Final mission and destruction

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Columbia was destroyed at about 09:00 EST on February 1, 2003, while re-entering the atmosphere after a 16-day scientific mission. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board determined that a hole was punctured in the leading edge on one of Columbia's wings, which was made of a carbon composite. The hole had formed when a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeled off during the launch 16 days earlier and struck the shuttle's left wing. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gases penetrated the interior of the wing, likely compromising the hydraulic system and leading to control failure of the control surfaces. The resulting loss of control exposed minimally protected areas of the orbiter to full-entry heating and dynamic pressures that eventually led to vehicle break up. The report delved deeply into the underlying organizational and cultural issues that the board believed contributed to the accident. The report was highly critical of NASA's decision-m
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Tributes and memorials

Patricia Huffman Smith Museum edit The debris field encompassed hundreds of miles across Texas and into Louisiana and Arkansas. The nose cap and remains of all seven crew members were found in Sabine County, East Texas. citation needed To honor those who lost their lives aboard the shuttle and during the recovery efforts, the Patricia Huffman Smith NASA Museum "Remembering Columbia" was opened in Hemphill, Sabine County, Texas. The museum tells the story of Space Shuttle Columbia explorations throughout all its missions, including the final STS-107. Its exhibits also show the efforts of local citizens during the recovery period of the Columbia shuttle debris and its crew's remains. An area is dedicated to each STS-107 crew member, and also to the Texas Forest Service helicopter pilot who died in the recovery effort. The museum houses many objects and artifacts from NASA and its contractors, the families of the STS-107 crew and other individuals. The crew's famili
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